Renal venous variations of the left kidney, including persistent left inferior vena cava, double left renal vein, retroaortic renal vein, multiple renal veins, and connections to major veins such as the azygos, hemiazygos, ascending lumbar, and intercostal veins. The diagram was created for medical education on renal circulation and vascular variations. Keywords: nephrology; vascular anatomy; urology.
Keywords: Airbrush, Color, Education, Professional Education, General Surgery, Urology, Vascular Surgery
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