Circuit diagrams present an extremely simplified view of the Drosophila brain, illustrating targets of optogenetic intervention. (a) When a fly approaches a perfume, an attractant, dopaminergic modulatory neurons carrying aversive reinforcement signals are optogenetically activated. (b) This intervention results in a lasting remapping of the state “presence of odor No. 5” onto the action “avoidance.” Published in Miesenböck (2011). Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. v27. Vector art by Fiona Martin.
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